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The City and County of ( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco is the
fourth-largest city in California and the fourteenth-largest in the United
States, with a 2005 population of 739,426.[2] It is located on the tip of
the ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco Peninsula and has traditionally been the focal point of the (
Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco Bay Area. ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the
United States.[3]
In 1776, the Spanish became the first Europeans to settle in ( Bought to
you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco,
establishing a mission named for Francis of Assisi. With the advent of the
California Gold Rush in 1848, the city entered a period of rapid growth.
After being devastated by the 1906 earthquake and fire, ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco was quickly
rebuilt and is today one of the most recognizable cities in the world.
( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco is renowned for its months-long episodes of fog, steep rolling
hills, the eclectic mix of Victorian and modern architecture, and its
peninsular location surrounded on three sides by the Pacific Ocean and (
Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco Bay. Famous hallmarks and landmarks include the Golden Gate
Bridge, Alcatraz Island, the cable cars, the Transamerica Pyramid, and
Chinatown.
History
History of ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco, California
The ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco Peninsula was inhabited from at least 8000 BC. The Yelamu group
of the Ohlone people had established several small villages in the area
when a Spanish exploration party, led by Don Gaspar de Portolŕ arrived on
November 2, 1769, claiming the first documented European visit to ( Bought
to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco
Bay.[4] Six years later a Spanish mission, Mission ( Bought to you by our
San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco de Asís
(Mission Dolores), was established with a small settlement, and an
associated military fort was built in what is now the Presidio.[5]
Mission ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)Upon independence from Spain in
1821, the area became part of Mexico. In 1835, Englishman William
Richardson erected the first significant homestead outside the immediate
vicinity of the Mission Dolores,[6] near a boat anchorage around what is
today Portsmouth Square. Together with Mission Alcalde Francisco de Haro,
he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named
Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat
claimed California for the United States on July 7, 1846, during the
Mexican-American War, and Captain John B. Montgomery arrived to claim
Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed ( Bought to you by our
San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco the next
year.[7] Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, (
Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.
A Cable Car on California Street in 1899The California Gold Rush brought a
flood of treasure seekers. With their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors
accumulated in ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco over rival Benicia,[8] raising the population from 1,000 in
1848 to 25,000 by December 1849.[9] The promise of riches was so strong
that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields,
leaving behind a forest of masts in ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco harbor.[10] California was
quickly granted statehood and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the
Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz island to secure the ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco Bay. Silver
discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in 1859, further drove rapid
population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the
city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained
notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, and gambling.
Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold
Rush. Early winners were the banking industry, which saw the founding of
Wells Fargo in 1852, and the railroad industry, as the magnates of the Big
Four, led by Leland Stanford, collaborated in the building of the First
Transcontinental Railroad. The development of the Port of ( Bought to you
by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco
established the city as a center of trade. Catering to the needs and
tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business
and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Immigrant laborers
made the city a polyglot culture, with Chinese railroad workers creating
the city's Chinatown quarter. The first cable cars carried San Franciscans
up Clay Street in 1873. The city's sea of Victorian houses began to take
shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting
in plans for Golden Gate Park. San Franciscans built schools, churches,
theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into
the most important American military installation on the Pacific
coast.[11] By the turn of the century, ( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco was a city of
international renown, celebrated for a flamboyant style, stately hotels,
ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene.
"Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely
destroyed. ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco is gone." - Jack London after the 1906 earthquake and
fire.[12]At 5:12 AM on the morning of April 18, 1906, a major earthquake
struck ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the
shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that would spread across the
city and burn out of control for several days. With water mains out of
services, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by
dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks.[13] More than
three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the
downtown core.[14] Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people lost
their lives, though modern estimates put the number in the several
thousands.[15] More than half the city's population of 400,000 were left
homeless.[16] Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in
Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled
permanently to the East Bay.
The Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama-Pacific ExpositionRebuilding
was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely
remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.[17] Amadeo
Giannini's Bank of Italy, later to become Bank of America, provided loans
for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The destroyed
mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose once again in
Beaux Arts splendor, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.
In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital;
in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, not a single ( Bought to you
by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco-based
bank failed.[18] Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that
( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously
constructing the ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, completing
them in 1936 and 1937 respectively. It was in this period that the island
of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its services as a federal
maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone. (
Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's Fair, the
Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939-40, creating Treasure Island
in the middle of the bay to house it.
The USS ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco steams under the Golden Gate Bridge in 1942, during World
War IIDuring World War II, the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub
of activity and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for
services members shipping out to the Pacific theater of operations.[19]
The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from
the South, to the area. After the end of the war, many returning
servicesmembers and civilians who had come to work decided to stay. The UN
Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in ( Bought to
you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco in
1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco officially ended the war with
Japan.
Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s saw widespread destruction
and redevelopment of westside neighborhoods and the construction of new
freeways.[20] The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1969, and in the
1980s the Manhattanization of ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay
Area wedding limousine) San Francisco saw extensive high rise development
downtown.[21] Port activity moved to Oakland, the city began to lose
industrial jobs, and ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco began to turn to tourism as the most important segment of
its economy. The suburbs experienced rapid growth and ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco underwent
significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population
left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia
and Latin America.[22][23]
The Grateful Dead in Haight-Ashbury Over this same period, ( Bought to you
by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco became a
magnet for America's counterculture. Beat Generation writers fueled the (
Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the
1950s. Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak
with the 1967 Summer of Love. In the 1970s, the city became a center of
the gay rights movement, with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay
village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his
assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused significant destruction and loss of
life throughout the Bay Area. In ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco, the quake severely damaged
structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated
the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway, allowing the city to
reclaim its historic downtown waterfront.
During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated
the economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application
developers moved into the city, followed by marketing and sales
professionals that changed the social landscape as once poorer
neighborhoods became gentrified. When the bubble burst in 2001, many of
these companies folded and their employees left, although high technology
and entrepreneurship continued to be mainstays of the ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco economy.
Geography
( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco and northern San Mateo County( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco is located on the
west coast of the U.S. at the tip of the ( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco Peninsula and
includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco Bay within
its boundaries. Several islands are part of the city, notably Alcatraz,
Treasure Island, and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island. Also included are
the uninhabited Farallon Islands, 27 miles offshore in the Pacific Ocean.
The land within the city limits roughly forms a seven by seven mile
square, which has become a colloquialism referring to the city's shape.
( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco is famous for its hills, which are defined as elevations over
100 ft (30 m). There are a total of 43 hills within city limits.[24] Some
neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated,
including Nob Hill, Pacific Heights, Russian Hill, Potrero Hill, and
Telegraph Hill.
Cars negotiate Lombard Street to descend Russian HillNear the geographic
center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less
densely populated hills. Dominating this area is Mount Sutro, the site of
Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission
tower. Nearby is Twin Peaks, a pair of hills resting at one of the city's
highest points and a popular overlook spot for tour groups. ( Bought to
you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco's
tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 925 ft (282 m) high, and is capped with a
103 ft (31.4 m) tall cross built in 1934.
The San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake
activity, even though neither passes through the city itself. It was the
San Andreas Fault which slipped and caused the earthquakes in 1906 and
1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major
earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development.
New buildings must meet high structural standards, and older buildings and
bridges must be retrofitted to comply with new building codes.
( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San
Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire
neighborhoods such as the Marina and Hunters Point, as well as large
sections of the Embarcadero sit on areas of landfill. Treasure Island was
constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material
resulting from tunneling through Yerba Buena Island during the
construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during
earthquakes; the resultant liquefaction causes extensive damage to
property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.
Climate
Fog envelops the Golden Gate Bridge and approaches Crissy Field.A
quotation incorrectly attributed to Mark Twain goes, "The coldest
winter I ever spent was a summer in ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco."[25] ( Bought to you by
our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco benefits
from California's Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild wet
winters and warm dry summers.[26] However, surrounded on three sides by
water, ( Bought to you by our San Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine)
San Francisco's climate is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the
Pacific Ocean which tend to moderate temperature swings and produce a
remarkably mild climate with little seasonal temperature variation.
Average summertime high temperatures in ( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco peak at 70°F (21 °C)
and are 20°F (9 °C) lower than they are in nearby inland locations like
Livermore.[27] Winters are mild, with daytime highs near 60°F (15 °C),
and lows almost never reach freezing temperatures. The months of
May-September are quite dry, with rain a common occurrence from
November-March. Snowfall is extraordinarily rare, with only 10 instances
recorded since 1852.[28]
The combination of cold ocean water and the high heat of the California
mainland creates the city's characteristic fog that can cover the western
half of the city all day during the summer and early fall. The fog is less
pronounced in eastern neighborhoods, in late spring, and during September
and October, which are the warmest months of the year. Due to its sharp
topography and maritime influences, ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco exhibits a multitude of distinct
microclimates. The high hills in the geographic center of the city are
responsible for a 20% variance in annual rainfall between different parts
of the city.[28] They also protect neighborhoods directly to their east
from the foggy and cool conditions experienced in the Sunset District; for
those who live on the eastern side of the city, ( Bought to you by our San
Francisco / Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco is fairly sunny,
with an average of 160 clear days, and only 105 cloudy days per year.[29]
Beaches and Parks
The Conservatory of Flowers in Golden Gate Park
Baker BeachMain article: Parks in ( Bought to you by our San Francisco /
Bay Area wedding limousine) San Francisco, California
Ocean Beach runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline, and Baker Beach
occupies a picturesque setting just west of the Golden Gate Bridge. They
are not suitable for swimming because the waters off the coast are cold
and have deadly rip currents. The biggest and most well-known park is
Golden Gate Park, stretching from the center of the city to the ocean.
Once covered only in grass and sand dunes, the park is planted with
thousands of non-native trees and plants and is rich with attractions
including the Conservatory of Flowers, the Japanese Tea Garden, and
Strybing Arboretum. The Presidio, a former military base, and its Crissy
Field section, restored to its natural salt marsh condition, are part of
the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Alcatraz, and
other regional parks. Buena Vista Park is the city's oldest, established
in 1867. Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland.
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